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Aplastic Anemia

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Aplastic Anemia

Aplastic anemia is a serious blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells — red cells, white cells, and platelets. This condition leads to fatigue, higher risk of infections, and uncontrolled bleeding. It can develop suddenly or progress gradually, and may be life-threatening if left untreated.

Symptoms may include:

  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Frequent or prolonged infections
  • Easy bruising or bleeding gums
  • Nosebleeds or heavy menstrual bleeding
  • Shortness of breath with activity

Causes may include:

  • Autoimmune attack on bone marrow stem cells
  • Exposure to toxins or radiation
  • Certain viral infections (like hepatitis, Epstein-Barr)
  • Side effects of chemotherapy or medications
  • Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes

Treatments

Treatment of aplastic anemia depends on severity and may include:

  • Blood transfusions to manage anemia and bleeding
  • Medications to suppress immune system (immunosuppressive therapy)
  • Bone marrow or stem cell transplant for eligible patients
  • Antibiotics and antivirals to prevent or treat infections
  • Medications to stimulate bone marrow function

Prevention

While many cases of aplastic anemia cannot be directly prevented, some steps can reduce risk:

  • Avoiding long-term exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation
  • Prompt treatment of viral infections
  • Regular health check-ups for those on chemotherapy or high-risk medications
  • Genetic counseling for families with inherited marrow disorders
  • Early medical care if symptoms such as frequent infections or bleeding occur